Examples of Chicago Style citations

All references should be cited using the Notes and Bibliography guidelines of The Chicago Manual of Style 17/18th ed. Some examples of formatting are given below.

The first time a source is cited, provide a full footnote citation (see example ¹); for subsequent citations of the same source, use a short version (see example ²).

In Ukrainian-language texts, The Chicago Manual of Style 18ed should also be used for all references.

For articles and e-sources, references should include DOIs (if available). In footnotes and bibliography, the DOI is indicated at the end of the citation in the following format: https://doi.org/10.5422/fso/9780823233250.003.0001.

Please note that according to the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, the 3-em dash ____. is no longer  recommended in reapeated bibliography entries, so you should include the author's name every time it is repeated.

One Author

Footnotes

¹ Sharan B. Merriam, Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation, Rev Exp. edition (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2009), 31-33.

² Merriam, Qualitative Research, 123.

Bibliography

Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. Rev Exp edition. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2009.

More than One Author

Footnotes

¹ John Magee and John Marenbon, “Appendix: Boethius’ Works,” Appendices, in The Cambridge Companion to Boethius, edited by John Marenbon, 303–10. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 304.

² John Magee and John Marenbon, “Appendix: Boethius’ Works,” 304.

Bibliography

Magee, John, and John Marenbon. “Appendix: Boethius’ Works.” Appendices. In The Cambridge Companion to Boethius, edited by John Marenbon, 303–10. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Footnotes

³ John Swinton and Harriet Mowat, Practical Theology and Qualitative Research (London: SCM, 2005), 93.

⁴ Swinton, Practical Theology, 44-45.

Bibliography

Swinton, John, and Harriet Mowat. Practical Theology and Qualitative Research. London: SCM, 2005.

Footnotes

⁵ Leo G. Perdue, Robert Morgan, and Benjamin D. Sommer, Biblical Theology: Introducing the Conversation. The Library of Biblical Theology (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2009), 75-78.

⁶ Perdue, Biblical Theology, 65.

Bibliography

Perdue, Leo G., Robert Morgan, and Benjamin D. Sommer. Biblical Theology: Introducing the Conversation. The Library of Biblical Theology. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2009.

Footenotes

¹⁰ Paul S. Fiddes et al., Doing Theology in a Baptist Way (Oxford: Whitley Publications, 2000), 14.

¹¹ Fiddes et al., Doing Theology, 35.

Bibliography

Fiddes, Paul S., Brian Haymes, Richard Kidd, and Michael J. Quicke. Doing Theology in a Baptist Way. Oxford [England]: Whitley Publications, 2000.

Dissertation/Thesis

Footnotes

¹ L. Roger Owens, “The Shape of Participation: Ecclesial Practices as Participation in the Triune God” (Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, 2006), 154.

² Owens, “The Shape of Participation,” 45.

Bibliography

Owens, L. Roger. “The Shape of Participation: Ecclesial Practices as Participation in the Triune God.” Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, 2006. http://search.proquest.com/dissertations/docview/305326244/abstract/335028B40144C7APQ/1.

Chapter in a Book

Footnotes

¹ Mayra Rivera and Stephen D. Moore, “A Tentative Topography of Postcolonial Theology” in Planetary Loves: Spivak, Postcoloniality, and Theology, edited by Stephen D. Moore, and Mayra Rivera (Fordham University Press, 2010), 14, https://doi.org/10.5422/fso/9780823233250.003.0001.

² Rivera and Moore, “A Tentative Topography,” 5-6.

Bibliography

Rivera, Mayra, and Stephen D. Moore. "A Tentative Topography of Postcolonial Theology." In Planetary Loves: Spivak, Postcoloniality, and Theology, by Moore, Stephen D., and Mayra Rivera, eds., edited by Stephen D. Moore, and Mayra Rivera. Fordham University Press, 2010. Fordham Scholarship Online, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5422/fso/9780823233250.003.0001.

Article in a Journal

Footnotes

¹ Paul Gavrilyuk, “Bulgakov’s Account of Creation: Neglected Aspects, Critics and Contemporary Relevance,” International Journal of Systematic Theology 17, no. 4 (October 2015): 459-460, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijst.12119.

² Gavrilyuk, “Bulgacov’s Account,” 455.

Bibliography

Gavrilyuk, Paul. “Bulgakov’s Account of Creation: Neglected Aspects, Critics and Contemporary Relevance.” International Journal of Systematic Theology 17, no. 4 (October 2015): 450–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijst.12119.

Web-sources

Usually, references to internet sources include: Author's Full Name. "Title of Web page." Name of a Website.  Publishing Organisation, Date of Publication. URL (without shortenings). If there is no author, the reference starts with the title of the web page. If there is no date of publication, use the date of access to the source. Use italics if the name of the website is like the name of a journal, such as The New York Times, Kyiv Post, etc.

¹ "Statement by the Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations on Russia's terrorist attacks against Ukraine during Eastertide," Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organisations, April 14, 2025, https://vrciro.org.ua/en/statements/zayava-vseukrainskoi-radi-tserkov-i-religiynikh-organizatsiy-z-privodu-teroristichnikh-atak-rosii-proti-ukraini-pid-chas-paskhalnikh-svyat

"Statement by the Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations on Russia's terrorist attacks against Ukraine during Eastertide." Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organisations, April 14, 2025. https://vrciro.org.ua/en/statements/zayava-vseukrainskoi-radi-tserkov-i-religiynikh-organizatsiy-z-privodu-teroristichnikh-atak-rosii-proti-ukraini-pid-chas-paskhalnikh-svyat

¹ Andriy Lyubka, "After 3 years of war in Ukraine, sometimes I think: Stop the planet, I want to get off," The Kyiv Independent, February 21, 2025, https://kyivindependent.com/after-3-years-of-war-in-ukraine-sometimes-i-think-stop-the-planet-i-want-to-get-off/

 Lyubka, Andriy. "After 3 years of war in Ukraine, sometimes I think: Stop the planet, I want to get off." The Kyiv Independent, February 21, 2025. https://kyivindependent.com/after-3-years-of-war-in-ukraine-sometimes-i-think-stop-the-planet-i-want-to-get-off/

Ukrainian Sources

All Ukrainian sources should be cited in accordance with the English-language format, retaining all the rules of punctuation and quotation marks. For example:

Footnotes

¹ Пол А. Баркер, Подолання травми: глобальні, біблійні та пасторські перспективи (Рівне: Формат-А, 2023), 23.

² Пол А. Баркер, Подолання травми, 48.

³ Роман Осадчук, “У пошуках втраченого дитинства,” в В.Ґ. Зебальд, Аустерліц (Київ: Комубук, 2020), 321–335.

⁴ Роман Осадчук, “У пошуках втраченого дитинства,” 321–335.

Bibliography

Баркер, Пол А. Подолання травми: глобальні, біблійні та пасторські перспективи. Рівне: Формат-А, 2023.

Осадчук, Роман. “У пошуках втраченого дитинства.” В В. Ґ. Зебальд, Аустерліц. Київ: Комубук, 2020.

Please note that when referring to English-language sources in Ukrainian texts, it is not necessary to translate into Ukrainian any abbreviations, conjunctions, prepositions, and other auxiliary words within the reference. All information contained in the reference is retained in the original language. For example:

Transliteration of Cyrilic Sources

Cyrillic references in the bibliography are transliterated in accordance with the requirements of the Library of Congress (see. Library of Congress Romanization system). For online transliteration, use the ALA-LC transliteration system https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/ukrainian/ala-lc/

If the bibliography contains only a few Cyrillic references (two or three), they can be added to the general list of references just below the Cyrillic source, but if there are more, they should be placed in a separate list of references. All transliterated sources should also be cited in accordance with the requirements of The Chicago Manual of Style 17/18th ed.

If the author refers to a translation, the title of the original source should be given in square brackets. At the end of the reference, you should also indicate the language of the source to which the author refers. For example:

Assman, Ali͡aǐda. Prostory spohadu. Formy ta transformat͡sii͡a kul′turnoï pam’i͡ati [Erinnerungsräume. Formenund Wandel des kulturellen Gedächtnisses]. Kyïv: Nika T͡Sentr, 2014. [in Ukrainian].

Vonnehut, Kurt. Boǐni͡a nomer p’i͡at′ abo khrestovyǐ pokhid diteǐ [Slaughterhouse-Five, or, The Children’s Crusade]. Kyïv. Dnipro, 1976. [in Ukrainian].

Zebal′d, V. G. Austerlit͡s [Austerlitz]. Kyïv: Komubuk, 2020. [in Ukrainian].

Secondary Sources

The use of secondary sources is often frowned upon in the humanities for several reasons:

• Loss of original contextі — when quoting through an intermediary, original ideas can be distorted or misinterpreted.
• Loss of original context — when quoting through an intermediary, original ideas can be distorted or misinterpreted.
• Reduction of academic accuracy — each ‘link’ in the chain of citation increases the risk of errors, inaccuracies or distortions.
• Limitation of independent analysis — referring to primary sources encourages researchers to form their own conclusions and interpretations.
• Scholarly etiquette — referring to original works is considered a sign of thoroughness and respect for the authors of ideas.
• Reliability issues — secondary sources may contain bias or erroneous interpretations, which casts doubt on the conclusions of the study.

In some cases, the use of secondary sources is acceptable: when primary sources are unavailable, for a general overview of the research area, or when the secondary source is the subject of your research. However, the general rule of thumb in research is to try to find and use primary sources to ensure the highest possible credibility of the research.

The editorial board does not recommend that authors use Russian-language sources, especially if the citation is not objective and critical, or if it is a secondary source and the author cannot justify its use. https://rada.kpi.ua/files/lyst-mon-1-19894-24-vid-25-10-2024.pdf