The God of the Child: Encouraging Children’s Spiritual Development During Times of Trauma
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29357/2789-1577.2023.21.2.5Keywords:
children, spirituality, trauma, pastoral care, leadership, ministry leadersAbstract
Children are born as spiritual beings, created for relationship with God. However, their spiritual development is shaped by many factors — including their experience of trauma. Sadly, since ancient times, many children have experienced significant trauma and the Bible deals with this topic openly and honestly. This article presents an overview of how trauma may impact children’s overall development and especially their spiritual development. While many of these impacts may be negative, the Bible also offers significant hope for children growing up in the midst of trauma. This article will also suggest practical ways that Christian parents and ministry leaders can seek to join children on the spiritual journey during times of trauma.
References
- Berryman, J. W. The Spiritual Guidance of Children: Montessori, Godly Play, and the Future. New York, NY: Morehouse, 2013.
- Bridger, F. Children Finding Faith: Exploring a Child’s Response to God. Bletchley: Scripture Union, 2000.
- Brueggemann, W. “Vulnerable Children, Divine Passion and Human Obligation.” In The Child in the Bible, edited by M. Bunge, 399-422. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2008.
- Bryant-Davis, T., Ellis, M. U., Burke-Maynard, E., Moon, N., Counts, P. A., & Anderson, G. “Religiosity, Spirituality, and Trauma Recovery in the Lives of Children and Adolescents.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43, no. 4 (2012); 306-314. doi:10.1037/a0029282.
- Coles, R. The Spiritual Life of Children. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990.
- Copsey, K. From the Ground Up: Understanding the Spiritual World of the Child. Oxford: Bible Reading Fellowship, 2005.
- Crawford, C. F. “From Spiritual Harm to Spiritual Healing.” In Healing for Hurting Hearts: A Handbook for Counseling Children and Youth in Crisis, edited by P. Kilbourne, 161-178. Ft Washington, PA: CLC Publications, 2013.
- Crompton, M. Children, Spirituality and Social Work. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1998.
- Csinos, D., & Beckwith, I. Children’s Ministry in the Way of Jesus. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Press, 2013.
- Cupit, C. G. Perspectives on Children and Spirituality. Bletchley: Scripture Union Australia, 2005.
- Ennew, J., & Stephenson, P. Questioning the Basis of Our Work: Christianity, Children’s Rights and Development. Tearfund, 2006.
- Erikson, E. H. “Eight Ages of Man.” In Childhood and Society, 247-274. W.W. Norton, New York, NY, 1993. (Original work published 1950).
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Marks, J. S. “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (2009): 245–258. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8.
- Frawley-O’Dea, M. G. “Childhood Abuse and Neglect Take Their Toll.” National Catholic Reporter 52, no. 15 (2016): 1.
- Gall, T. L., Basque, V., Damasceno-Scott, M., Vardy, G. “Spirituality and the Current Adjustment of Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46, no. 1 (2007): 101-117.
- Garbarino, J. & Bedard, C. “Spiritual Challenges to Children Facing Violent Trauma.” Childhood 3, no. 4 (1996): 467. doi:10.1177/0907568296003004004.
- Goheen, M. W. “The Urgency of Reading the Bible as One Story.” Theology Today 64, no. 4, (2008): 469–483. doi:10.1177/004057360806400405.
- Harris, P. L. Trusting What You’re Told: How Children Learn from Others. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2012.
- Handzo, G. F. “Talking about Faith with Children.” In When Children Suffer: A Sourcebook for Ministry with Children in Crisis, 173-183. Philadelphia, PA: The Westminster Press, 1987. Harvard University’s Center on the Developing Child. Brain Architecture, 2019. Retrieved from https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/brain-architecture/
- Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., & Dunne, M. P. “The Effect of Multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Lancet Public Health 2 no. 8 (2017): 356-366. doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30118-4.
- Jackson, L. J., White, C. R., O’Brien, L., DiLorenzo, P., Cathcart, E., Wolf, M., Bruskas, D., Pecora, P. J., Nix-Early, V., and Cabrera, J. “Exploring Spirituality among Youth in Foster Care: Findings from the Casey Field Office Mental Health Study.” Child and Family Social Work, 15 (2010): 107–117.
- Johnson, E. L. God and Soul Care: The Therapeutic Resources of the Christian Faith. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2017.
- Kilbourn, P. “Trauma and Loss.” In Healing for Hurting Hearts: A Handbook for Counseling Children and Youth in Crisis, 33-44. Ft. Washington, PA: CLC Publications, 2013.
- Larkin, H., Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. “Social Work and Adverse Childhood Experiences Research: Implications for Practice and Health Policy.” Social Work in Public Health, 29 no. 1 (2014):1–16. doi:10.1080/19371918.2011.619433.
- Lester, A. D. Pastoral Care with Children in Crisis. Philadelphia, PA: The Westminster Press, 1985.
- Lovaglia, D. Relational Children’s Ministry: Turning Kid-Influencers into Lifelong Disciple Makers. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2016.
- Loveall, R., Flanagan, K., Morrison, C. and Sorenson, M. “Contextualized Social Justice: Entering into Culture to Bring Life to Worthy Children.” In Exploring and Engaging Spirituality for Today’s Children: A Holistic Approach edited by L. Tolbert, 294-306. Eugene OR: Wipf & Stock, 2014.
- MacCullough, M. Undivided: Developing a Worldview Approach to Biblical Integration. Colorado Springs, CO: Purposeful Design Publications, 2016.
- Maltby, L. E., & Hall, T. W. “Trauma, Attachment, and Spirituality: A Case Study.” Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40, no. 4 (2012): 302-312. doi:10.1177/009164711204000405.
- McSherry, W., & Smith, J. “How Do Children Express their Spiritual Needs?” Pediatric Nursing, 3 (2007): 17.
- Mitchell, M. B., Silver, C. F., & Ross, C. J. “My Hero, My Friend: Exploring Honduran Youths’ Lived Experience of the God-Individual Relationship.” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 17, no. 2 (2012): 137-151.
- Newton, G. C. Heart-Deep Teaching: Engaging Students for Transformed Lives. Nashville, Tenn.: B & H Academic, 2012.
- Nye, R. Children’s Spirituality: What It Is and Why It Matters. London: Church House Publishing, 2009.
- Pargament, K. I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping. New York: Guilford Press, 1997. Plantinga, C. Not the Way It’s Supposed To Be: A Breviary of Sin. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1995.
- Purvis, K. B., Cross, D. R., & Sunshine, W. L. The Connected Child: Bring Hope and Healing to Your Adoptive Family. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
- Rizzuto, A. The Birth of the Living God: A Psychoanalytic Study. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.
- Roby, J., & Maistry, M. “The Spirituality of Vulnerable Children in South Africa: Implications for Social Development and Welfare.” Journal of Social Development in Africa, 2 (2010): 11. Rushton, A, Mayes, D., Dance, C & Quinton, D. “Parenting Late Placed Children: The Development of New Relationships and the Challenge of Behavioral Problems.” Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 95 no. 3 (2003), 389 - 400. doi:10.1177/1359104503008003008.
- Sahler, O. J. Z. “Understanding and Caring for the Child in Crisis.” In When Children Suffer: A Sourcebook for Ministry with Children in Crisis, edited by A. Lester, 56-65. Philadelphia, PA: The Westminster Press, 1987.
- Sales, J. M., Merrill, N. A., & Fivush, R. “Does Making Meaning Make It Better? Narrative Meaning Making and Well-Being in At-Risk African-American Adolescent Females.”
- Memory, 21, no. 1, (2013): 97-110. doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.706614
- Salifu, Y. J., & Somhlaba, N. Z. “‘I Am Happy Because of God’: Religion and Spirituality for Well-Being in Ghanaian Orphanage-Placed Children.” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9, no. 1 (2017): S32-S39. doi:10.1037/rel0000094.
- Santoro, A. F., Suchday, S., Benkhoukha, A., Ramanayake, N., & Kapur, S. “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Religiosity/Spirituality in Emerging Adolescents in India.” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 8, no. 3 (2016): 185-194. doi:10.1037/rel0000038.
- Shern, D. L., Blanch, A. K., & Steverman, S. M. “Toxic Stress, Behavioral Health, and the Next Major Era in Public Health.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86, no. 2 (2016): 109-123. doi:10.1037/ort0000120.
- Siegel, D.J., Bryson, T. P. The Whole-Brain Child: 12 Revolutionary Strategies to Nurture Your Child’s Developing Mind. New York, NY: Random House, 2012.
- Souers, K., & Hall, P. A. Fostering Resilient Learners: Strategies for Creating a Trauma-Sensitive Classroom. Alexandria, Virginia: ASCD, 2016.
- Stonehouse, C. Joining Children on the Spiritual Journey: Nurturing a Life of Faith. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1998.
- Stonehouse, C. and May, S. Listening to Children on the Spiritual Journey: Guidance for Those who Teach and Nurture. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2010.
- Strachan, W. “Children, Mission and the Bible: A Global Perspective.” In Bible in Mission (Vol.18), Regnum Edinburgh Centenary Series, 81-92. Oxford: Regnum Books International, 2013.
- Surr, J. “Links between Early Attachment Experiences and Manifestations of Spirituality.” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 16, no. 2 (2011): 129-141. doi:10.1080/1364436X.2011.580725.
- Tamminen, K. “Religious Experiences in Childhood and Adolescence: A Viewpoint of Religious Development Between the Ages of 7 and 20.” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 4 no. 2 (1994): 61.
- Terry L., Viola, B., Marizete, D., & Gerard, V. “Spirituality and the Current Adjustment of Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.” Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, 1 (2007): 101.
- Van der Kolk, B. “Developmental Trauma Disorder: A New Rational Diagnosis of Children with History of Complex Trauma.” In Trauma and Attachment (2008): 45-61. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
- Van Deusen, S., & Courtois, C. A. “Spirituality, Religion, and Complex Developmental Trauma.” In Spiritually Oriented Psychotherapy for Trauma, 29-54. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015. doi:10.1037/14500-003.
- Wagener, L. M., Malony, H. N. “Spiritual and Religious Pathology in Childhood and Adolescence.” In The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 137-149. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2006.
- Walker, D. F., Reid, H. W., O’Neill, T., & Brown, L. “Changes in Personal Religion/Spirituality during and after Childhood Abuse: A Review and Synthesis.” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 1, no. 2 (2009): 130-145.
- Walker, D. F., Reese, J. B., Hughes, J. P., & Troskie, M. J. “Addressing Religious and Spiritual Issues in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Children and Adolescents.” Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 2 (2010): 174.
- Way, P. “A Practitioner’s View of Children Making Spiritual Meanings in Bereavement.” Journal of Social Work in End-Of-Life & Palliative Care 9 no. 2/3 (2013): 144-157. doi:10.1080/15524256.2013.794032.
- Welch, E. “How Do We View Suffering?” In Healing Children of War: A Handbook for Ministry to Children who have Suffered Deep Traumas, edited by P. Kilbourne, 283-310. Federal Way, WA: World Vision Resources, 1995.
- YMCA of the USA, Dartmouth Medical School & Institute for American Values. Hardwired to Connect: The New Scientific Case for Authoritative Communities. A Report to the Nation from the Commission on Children at Risk [Report]. New York, NY: Institute for American Values, 2003.
- Yust, K. “(Non)Cosmetic Ministry: Reclaiming Hope among Abused Adolescents.” In Children, Youth, and Spirituality in a Troubling World, 1-10. St Louis, MO: Chalice Press, 2008.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Esther Zimmerman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in the Journal are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
By submitting an article for publication in Theological Reflections: Eastern European Journal of Theology the author grants the editors the right to publish the article and distribute it in electronic and print form.
The author reserves all copyrights and the right to use the materials of the article in whole or in part for educational purposes, to write his own dissertations, to prepare abstracts, conference reports, oral presentations, etc., as well as post electronic copies of articles (including the final electronic version downloaded from the journal’s official website) on non-commercial web-resources without the consent of the editorial board and founders.